How to Read a Certificate of Analysis: HPLC Purity, Mass-Spec ID, and Batch Verification

Identity by mass spec, purity by HPLC (≥98%), and why batch-level verification is non-negotiable for reproducible research. A practical guide to reading a CoA.

NMN vs NR: What the Mechanistic Evidence Actually Shows for NAD⁺

NMN and NR both raise NAD⁺ — but by different routes, with different human evidence. A mechanism-first comparison (Trammell, Martens, Yoshino). Research use only.

BPC-157: Mechanisms of Tissue Repair in Preclinical Models

What the preclinical evidence shows about BPC-157 — VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis, tendon fibroblast migration, and the limits of the data. Research use only.